Chromosome Markers in the DNA Tests Research Paper

Chromosome Markers in the DNA Tests - Research Paper Example Forensic DNA testing is currently performed by using the complex STR multiplex systems. This testing allows the testing of several loci in a single – tube PCR system. A highly variable STR is chosen for the analysis such that they should be within the detection range of 90 – 500 base pairs. These STRs should also be present in the other chromosomes too. Highly polymorphic markers and gender identifying markers are widely used in the STR multiplex systems. All these loci are labeled with different fluorescent dyes for the automated Genotyping. The fluorescent dye is attached to the PCR primers and these dyes get incorporated into the target DNA sequence during the process of amplification.   5-FAM (blue) dye is used for the STR loci D3S1358 and NED (Yellow) dye is used for D19S433 STR loci. By using the two different fluorescent dyes, it was observed that the height and the peaks of the STR loci D3S1358 and D19S433 are similar between them. If we use the same fluoresce nt dye then it may lead to confusion whether the source of DNA is from a single person or from multiple persons because the peak areas are very important for the determination of the amount of DNA. If the sample is homozygous and have only one peak with the area equal to the two individual peaks then it will be very difficult to analyze the results. This is very frequent if we use the same fluorescent dye for D3S1358 and D19S433. Since D3S1358 and D19S433 are similar to each other, the use of two different dyes will easily differentiate them. (Thompson 2006). The specific dye is incorporated into the PCR product and the level of emission of light and the intensity of light emission gives the details about the size of the DNA. The level of emission may vary for the two STR loci but since they are of same size, the emission level will be same and it will be very difficult to identify the two STRs. The factors for choosing the Fluorescent dye are based on the dyes, optical filters, las er and matrix to which it binds. The D3S1358 is 119 bp to 147 bp in size with the average repeats of 15. These loci will accept the blue dye more readily than the yellow dye. Similarly D19S433 is 206 bp with 9 repeats. (Foster and Laurin 2012). This also will absorb yellow dye more readily than the blue dye. The variation in the base pair is thus an important factor for the choice of fluorescent dyes. The peak heights of the two STR loci D3S1358 and D19S433 vary with the annealing temperatures. Similarly the relative intensity of the loci also varies. (Foster and Laurin 2012). First generation dyes were used for the analysis of the loci initially; later the development of the second generation dyes with more specificity replaced them. The fluorescent dyes used for the multiplex were amandine dyes that emits the color when bind properly to the DNA fragments. The fluorescent dyes NED and 6 - FAM currently for the identification of the D19S433 and D3S1358 produces standard results for the different populations in many parts of the world. (Li et al. 2013). Thus it is concluded that D3S1358 and D19S433 STR loci cannot have same fluorescent dye because they have the similar base pair length and produce the same peak. (Butler 2005). If the same dye is used then they will form only one peak but with

NASCAR: Not Just for Rednecks Essay -- Racing Entertainment Sports Ess

NASCAR: Not Just for Rednecks Generally when someone mentions NASCAR, one perceives a stereotypical image of mullets, beer bellies, or in easier terms a â€Å"redneck.† Societies’ general perception of a redneck is low income, rowdy, no civic interest, and someone who is not very intelligent. Little do they know this image is not exactly what you see at a NASCAR race. NASCAR includes a very wide variety of people. This is not fair for NASCAR fans to be put in this banal category. NASCAR has several non-redneck attributes. NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) was born in 1948. Bill France, the creator, had a dream. His dream was to create such a race that people for all over would come to see. In the beginning, they would have races on Daytona Beach and on other small tracks located throughout the south. Eventually, people became interested and the audience grew. Now, there are over twenty racetracks located all across the United States NASCAR fans are unlike any other enthusiast you will see. On average, a ticket to the Bristol Motor Speedway will cost you well over eighty dollars. Then you must consider the added expenses such as gas, lodging, food, souvenirs, and for some a few alcoholic beverages. Also, for your avid race buff you may invest in a scanner. This will cost you on average about one hundred and fifty dollars. With this scanner you can listen to the drivers and crewmembers communicate throughout the race. Personally, for a one day or weekend event this can get extremely expensive. Not, just anyone can afford a weekend at the races. Most people do not realize that NASCAR is a family oriented event. The pre-race activities are generally directed towards children. Se... ...ns, there always needs to be a villain. This is what keeps your audience satisfied. We have our good guys and bad guys in just about every organization such as professional sports teams or even our own government. I want people to realize it is not fair to bash something before you try it. Yes, NASCAR has their rednecks but there is also a non-redneck category. Lets think about our other professional sporting events, do we not have rednecks here too? Yes, I believe we do. So next time you hear about a NASCAR event check it out, it just may be worth your time. Works Cited Camncho, Ron, and Helton, Max.†Earnhardt’s the Man.† From the Heart of Racing. Walnut grove Press, 2000. Smith, Marty. Earnhardt Jr. Radio Spot Supports Jeb Bush.† Turner Sports Interactive.5 Nov. 2002 http://www.nascar.com/2002/news/headlines/wc/11/05/dearnhardtjr_jeb/

Proof of Man’s Inhumanity Essay

Past studies about the Holocaust reveal the motivation behind Adolf Hitler’s annihilation of the Jews and other races. He believed that â€Å"they were responsible for Marxism, democracy, the outbreak of World War I, and Germany’s collapse in 1918, as well as being the invisible hand behind the Weimar republic† (Fischel 4). He was fed up with the Jews’ continuous settlement in the German land. He resented the fact that they were being too involved with the country’s politics and businesses. Reasons like these seemed too shallow for Hitler to arrive to a â€Å"final solution† of exterminating the Jews and other localities which he believed did not belong to the upper or Aryan class of society. The method that the Nazi used to wipe out an entire race and religion was the concentration camps. In camps such as Auschwitz, Dachau, Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec, millions of people, most of whom were Jews, died in violent ways. The most common way of exterminating them was through the use of gas chambers in camps. In the anthology of the Holocaust, Piper reveals that, â€Å"The efficacy of such conventional methods of killing is best illustrated by the fate of 10,000 Soviet prisoners of war who were transported to the camp in October 1941† (Piper 372). It was one of the first exterminations performed during the Holocaust wherein Piper added that, â€Å"After five months of starvation, hard labor, beatings, and outright killings, only 945 were still alive on March 1, 1942† (Piper 372). The prisoners were evidently treated like animals with no rights, dignity, and privacy. Everything was taken from each individual such as clothes, jewelries and other material belongings. The Holocaust is a clear proof that this world has once gone too far in following the principle of â€Å"the survival of the fittest. † A person like Hitler had put matters in his own hands, which was a selfish thing to do. Nobody has the right to manipulate God’s creation because it annoys you or threatens your power. Concentration camps are the visible evidences that would always remind people of what selfishness, power, and racism can do to an entire race. The remains of these camps would always remind people of the reality that this world is a mortal place and that evil will always be present—unless we learn how to accept the shortcomings and difference of every person that we encounter. Works Cited Fischel, Jack. The Holocaust. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. Piper, Franciszek. â€Å"Auschwitz Concentration Camp: How was it Used in the Nazi System of Terror and Genocide and the Economy of the Third Reich† The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002. 371–386.

The Role of Television on Childhood Violence Essay

The Role of Television on Childhood Violence What does the world look like these days? It often seems like everywhere one looks, violence is there. We see it on the streets, back alleys, school, and even at home. The last of these is a major source of violence. In many peoples living rooms there sits an outlet for violence that often goes unnoticed. It is the television, and the children who view it are often hypnotized by action that takes place in it. Violence is the use of ones powers to inflict mental or physical injury upon another (Webster, 659). Research shows that television is definitely a major source of violent behavior. Media has been considered by Ciony C. Gonzales as #8230;the most dominant art form#8230;. (1984,†¦show more content†¦The children find the violent characters on television fun to imitate. Children do imitate the behavior of models such as those portrayed in television, movies, etc. They do so because the ideas that are shown to them on television are more attractive to the viewer than those the viewer can think up himself.(Langone,98). Children like the violence in television because it is able to be more exciting and enthralling than the violence that is normally viewed on the streets. Aggression is not the only issue involved. Statistics show that children who spend more time watching violent TV programming are rated more poorly by their teachers, rated more poorly by their peers, and have few problem solving skills. Another research among U.S. children discovered the differences between children who watch a lot of violent television and those who dont. The results were that the children who watched more violent television were more likely to agree that its okay to hit someone if youre mad at them for a good reason. These children may become less bothered by violence and see nothing wrong with it. The other group learned that problems can be solved passively, through discussion and authority (Cheyney 46). As you can see, television violence can disrupt a childs learning and thinking ability which will cause life long problems. Not only does television violence affect the childs youth, but it can also affect his or her adulthood. SomeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Child Development1286 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical and mental stages so much so that play-time is ignored. By making decisions that sacrifice play parents hinder their social development. Parents must take action and encourage their youth to play more, before childhood is lost forever. Play-time is an essential part of early childhood development as well as their most primitive form of expression. 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